Abstract Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein expressed in normal prostate cells and overexpressed in prostate cancer. Consequently, it is an important tool in the evaluation of prostate cancer, including the staging of high-risk patients and the assessment of biochemical recurrence. Despite the “specific” designation, benign musculoskeletal conditions, such as fractures, osteodegenerative changes, and fibrous dysplasia, can also show PSMA uptake, which can lead to misinterpretation of the imaging findings. Therefore, radiologists must be aware of these potential pitfalls, understand their causes, and fully analyze their morphologic features on unfused computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging scans to correctly interpret the examination. In this pictorial essay, we review the basic characteristics of the 68Ga-PSMA positron-emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) radiotracer, discuss potential causes of false-positive findings on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in the musculoskeletal system, and illustrate the corresponding imaging findings.

Resumo O antígeno de membrana próstata específico (PSMA) é uma proteína transmembrana que apresenta expressão em células prostáticas normais e superexpressão em neoplasia da próstata. Dessa forma, é uma importante ferramenta na avaliação da neoplasia prostática, de utilidade no estadiamento de pacientes de alto risco e na análise de recorrência bioquímica. Apesar do termo “específico”, condições musculoesqueléticas benignas podem demonstrar captação de PSMA, como fraturas, alterações osteodegenerativas e displasia fibrosa, podendo levar a uma avaliação equivocada dos achados de imagem. Assim, o radiologista deve conhecer esses potenciais pitfalls, compreender suas causas e analisar as características morfológicas nas imagens não fundidas de TC e RM para interpretar corretamente o exame. Neste ensaio iconográfico, revisaremos as características básicas do radiofármaco 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, discutiremos possíveis causas de resultados falso-positivos na 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT no sistema musculoesquelético e ilustraremos os achados de imagem correspondentes.

Resumo O presente artigo tem por objetivo evidenciar os conflitos e as disputas no âmbito do espaço participativo durante o processo de revisão do Plano Diretor de São José dos Campos/SP. Neste contexto, verificou-se uma visão ideológica municipal comprometida com a criação de suporte territorial para atração de capitais, que deveria ser legitimada durante a revisão do Plano Diretor. Considerando isso, analisam-se: a formação do espaço participativo institucional, a ação discricionária do poder público municipal para aprovação do Plano Diretor em 2018 e os cenários de resistência à ordem implantada por meio das ações da sociedade civil organizada.

Abstract This paper approaches conflicts and disputes in participatory spaces during the review of the Master Plan of the city of São José dos Campos, state of São Paulo, Brazil. In this context, we detected a municipal ideological view committed to the creation of territorial support for attracting capital, which should be legitimized during the review of the Master Plan. Therefore, we analyze the formation of the institutional participatory space, the discretionary action of the municipal government to approve the Master Plan in 2018, and the settings of resistance to the implemented order through actions of the organized civil society.

Resumo Introdução: A pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa consiste em um processo infeccioso e inflamatório crônico do parênquima renal, variante da pielonefrite obstrutiva crônica. É mais prevalente em adultos na meia-idade, de ocorrência rara em pacientes pediátricos, com menos de 300 casos relatados em pediatria no mundo. Relato: Pré-escolar de 2 anos e 11 meses, do sexo masculino, com quadro de 2 meses de distensão e aumento da temperatura abdominal e palidez intensa, associado a anemia microcítica refratária ao uso de sulfato ferroso. Apresentava ainda, havia 1 semana da internação, abaulamento em região do flanco esquerdo e massa palpável, de consistência endurecida. Exames de imagem (ultrassonografia e tomografia) revelaram aumento global do rim esquerdo, destruição do parênquima renal e intensa dilatação calicial formando o sinal da "pata de urso", com presença de cálculo coraliforme em pelve. Submetido a tratamento com antibioticoterapia e nefrectomia total, com produto enviado para anatomopatológico. Discussão: Doença de incidência incerta na faixa pediátrica, a pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa é mais prevalente no sexo masculino na infância e acomete principalmente o rim esquerdo, estando frequentemente associada à presença de cálculos. Clinicamente apresenta-se como quadro arrastado de sintomas inespecíficos, sendo os mais comuns distensão abdominal e astenia. Laboratorialmente, apresenta-se com anemia microcítica, leucocitose, trombocitose e aumento de provas inflamatórias, piúria, hematúria e proteinúria, além de crescimento bacteriano em cultura de urina. O diagnóstico é anatomopatológico, porém pode ser sugerido pela tomografia computadorizada com contraste, que tem como sinal clássico a "pata de urso". O tratamento pode incluir nefrectomia e antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro.

Abstract Introduction: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis consists of a chronic infectious and inflammatory process of the renal parenchyma, a variant of chronic obstructive pyelonephritis. It is more prevalent in middle-aged adults, rare in pediatric patients, with less than 300 cases reported in children worldwide. Report: Preschooler, aged 2 years and 11 months, male, with 2 months of abdominal distention, increased temperature and intense pallor, associated with microcytic anemia refractory to the use of ferrous sulfate. 1 week before, he had a bulging in his left flank and a hard palpable mass there. Imaging exams (ultrasound and tomography) revealed an overall enlargement of the left kidney, destruction of the renal parenchyma and intense calyceal dilation, forming the "bear's paw" sign, with a staghorn calculus in the pelvis. He underwent treatment with antibiotic therapy and total nephrectomy, with a specimen sent for pathological examination. Discussion: a disease of uncertain incidence in the pediatric age group, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is more prevalent in male children and affects mainly the left kidney, being frequently associated with the presence of stones. Clinically, it has nonspecific symptoms, the most common being abdominal distension and asthenia. Laboratory exams shows microcytic, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and increased inflammation, pyuria, hematuria and proteinuria, in addition to bacterial growth in urine culture. The diagnosis is anatomopathological, but it can be hinted by contrasted CT scan, with the classical sign of the "bear's paw". Treatment may include nephrectomy and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.

Resumo A elevada prevalência de fraturas e o importante papel dos exames de imagem nesse contexto requerem que o radiologista esteja familiarizado com seus principais padrões, especialmente as fraturas com manejo essencialmente cirúrgico. Este estudo apresenta uma série de casos ilustrativos e uma breve revisão da literatura, com o objetivo de demonstrar algumas das principais fraturas do esqueleto apendicular com manejo cirúrgico, agrupadas didaticamente por articulação. Foram selecionadas radiografias e tomografias computadorizadas de casos didáticos ilustrativos do arquivo de imagens do nosso serviço.

Abstract The high prevalence of fractures and the essential role that imaging examinations play in this scenario require the radiologist to be familiar with their main patterns, especially those of fractures for which the management is essentially surgical. This pictorial essay presents a series of illustrative cases and a brief review of the literature, the aim being to demonstrate some of the main fractures of the appendicular skeleton that require surgical management, grouped, didactically, by the joint affected. Radiographic and computed tomography studies of illustrative cases were selected from the imaging archives of our facility.

Abstract Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) can result in significant changes in a hydrographic basin flow regime. Future projections about LULC and its interference with water availability help to identify extreme events in advance and help propose appropriate management measures. Thus, this study aimed to make the LULC projection for the year 2030 for the Alto Rio Grande (ARG) sub-basin, located in Southeastern Brazil. This region was chosen because of its intense water resources use and for having recently faced water scarcity as result of prolonged droughts and inadequate water resources management. To identify the LULC trend for the year 2030, the Land Change Modeler (LCM) was used, the map obtained was inserted in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model previously calibrated and validated for the region’ environmental and climatic conditions. The ARG sub-basin was affected by heavy rains in 2011, which resulted in changes in the landscape due to landslides. This particularity of the region contributed to the projection of LULC for the year 2030 to present an increase in forest and pastures to the agricultural areas detriment. When evaluating the impacts of these changes in water availability, it was observed that the SWAT model presented, for the same rainfall conditions, a reduction in peak streamflows of up to 59% and a reduction in the average monthly flow of up to 63% in 2030 in relation to the LULC observed in 2017. Thus, this study provides an important contribution by identifying a considerable reduction in water availability. These results will help to formulate strategies for water resources management and the adoption of measures to promote water security in the region.

Resumen Los cambios en el uso y la cobertura del suelo pueden resultar en cambios significativos en el régimen del flujo de una cuenca hidrográfica. Los estudios predictivos sobre el uso del suelo y su interferencia con la disponibilidad del agua ayudan a identificar eventos extremos con anticipación a fin de proponer medidas de gestión adecuadas. De esta forma, este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar la predicción del uso del suelo para el año 2030 para la subcuenca del Alto Río Grande (ARG), ubicada en el sureste de Brasil. Esta región fue elegida por el uso intenso de los recursos hídricos y por haber enfrentado, recientemente, escasez de agua como resultado de sequías prolongadas y una gestión inadecuada de los recursos hídricos. Para la predicción del uso del suelo en 2030 se utilizó el Land Change Modeler (LCM), el mapa obtenido se insertó en el modelo Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) previamente calibrado y validado para las condiciones ambientales y climáticas de la región. La subcuenca ARG fue afectada por fuertes lluvias en 2011 que resultaron en cambios en el paisaje debido a deslizamientos de tierra. Esta particularidad de la región contribuyó para que la predicción del uso del suelo para el año 2030 presente un aumento de bosques y pastos en detrimento de las áreas agrícolas. Al evaluar los impactos de estos cambios en la disponibilidad del agua, se observó que el modelo SWAT presentó, para las mismas condiciones de precipitación, una reducción en los caudales pico de hasta 59% y una reducción en el caudal promedio mensual de hasta 63% en 2030 en relación con el uso del suelo observado en 2017. Es decir, este estudio hace un aporte importante al identificar una reducción considerable en la disponibilidad del agua. Estos resultados ayudarán a formular estrategias para la gestión de los recursos hídricos y la adopción de medidas para promover la seguridad hídrica en la región.

Abstract: The use of acoustic systems for mapping submerged areas is the most accurate way. However, echosounders are expensive and, in addition, the equipment requires a great deal of experience on the part of the specialist. From another perspective, orbital and aerial images (acquired by RPA’s- Remotely Piloted Aircraft) can offer bathymetric maps of larger locations that are difficult to access at a low operating cost. Therefore, the present study’s main objective was to evaluate the utility of RGB images obtained with RPA’s in water reservoirs. Thus, Artificial Neural Networks were used for depth training and prediction. Subsequently, it compared to the bathymetric data from the same pond in question, raised from acoustic sensors, quantifying the vertical uncertainty through three estimators. Regarding the statistical analysis, the RMSE and Ф estimators showed better reliability. The 300-point sample showed the best quality in processing. The results showed that the methodology could improve the management of water resources. The method allows reduced execution time and lowers cost, especially for using only the green, red and blue channels, easily found in most cameras coupled to RPA’s.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate anthropometric and clinical data, muscle mass, subcutaneous fat, spine bone mineral density, extent of acute pulmonary disease related to COVID-19, quantification of pulmonary emphysema, coronary calcium, and hepatic steatosis using chest computed tomography of hospitalized patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia and verify its association with disease severity. Methods: A total of 123 adults hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia were enrolled in the present study, which evaluated the anthropometric, clinical and chest computed tomography data (pectoral and paravertebral muscle area and density, subcutaneous fat, thoracic vertebral bodies density, degree of pulmonary involvement by disease, coronary calcium quantification, liver attenuation measurement) and their association with poorer prognosis characterized through a combined outcome of intubation and mechanical ventilation, need of intensive care unit, and death. Results: Age (p=0.013), body mass index (p=0.009), lymphopenia (p=0.034), and degree of pulmonary involvement of COVID-19 pneumonia (p<0.001) were associated with poor prognosis. Extent of pulmonary involvement by COVID-19 pneumonia had an odds ratio of 1,329 for a poor prognosis and a cutoff value of 6.5 for increased risk, with a sensitivity of 64.9% and specificity of 67.1%. Conclusion: The present study found an association of high body mass index, older age, extent of pulmonary involvement by COVID-19, and lymphopenia with severity of COVID-19 pneumonia in hospitalized patients.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a memorização de mensagens de promoção de alimentação adequada e saudável, a satisfação e a usabilidade de uma intervenção nutricional via aplicativo direcionada para adolescentes de escolas públicas do Distrito Federal. Métodos As mensagens enviadas abordavam aspectos sobre alimentação adequada e saudável com base no Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Foi aplicado um questionário de autopreenchimento a 94 estudantes para avaliar a memorização das mensagens recebidas durante a intervenção nutricional, o nível de satisfação com a intervenção, se as mensagens eram lidas e compartilhadas, a frequência de leitura e quais foram os aprendizados decorrentes da intervenção. Investigou-se ainda a associação entre a memorização, a satisfação e a frequência de leitura das mensagens. Resultados Cerca de 48% dos participantes referiram lembrar de pelo menos uma mensagem da intervenção; 77,7% se mostraram satisfeitos com o estudo; 54,3% sempre liam as mensagens que recebiam e 66% não compartilhava as mensagens com outras pessoas. A maioria relatou aprendizados ou impressões positivas sobre a intervenção. Foi encontrada uma associação entre a memorização das mensagens e a satisfação com o estudo (p=0,002), bem como entre a leitura e a memorização das mensagens (p=0,005). Conclusão Apesar de a memorização das mensagens enviadas na intervenção nutricional ter sido aquém do esperado, foi referida grande satisfação e alta frequência de leitura pelos adolescentes. Futuros estudos devem investigar a permanência dos resultados de intervenções nutricionais a longo prazo, os principais influenciadores da memorização e como melhorá-la.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to evaluate the memorization of messages that promote healthy eating, as well as satisfaction and feasibility of a nutritional intervention using a mobile text messaging app aimed at adolescents from public schools in the Federal District, Brazil. Methods The messages sent addressed aspects of healthy eating based on the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. A self-reported questionnaire was applied with 94 students to assess the memorization of the messages received during the nutritional intervention, the level of satisfaction with the intervention, whether the messages were read and shared, the frequency of reading, and what was learned from the intervention. The association of memorization with satisfaction and with the frequency of reading the messages was also investigated. Results About 48% of participants reported remembering at least one message; 77.7% showed high ranges of satisfaction; 54.3% always read the messages; 66.0% did not share messages with other people. Most of the students reported positive learning or good impressions about the intervention. An association was found between memorization and satisfaction with the intervention (p=0.002), as well as between reading and memorization (p=0.005). Conclusion Although the memorization of the healthy eating messages sent in the nutritional intervention was less than expected, a great satisfaction and high frequency of reading the messages were reported by adolescents. Future studies should investigate the permanence of the results of long-term nutrition intervention, the main influencers of memorization, and how to improve it.

ABSTRACT Objective Adhesive capsulitis is an inflammatory disease of the joint capsule, clinically manifested as pain, stiffness, and dysfunction of the shoulder. We subjectively observed an increased incidence of adhesive capsulitis, and raised the hypothesis that adhesive capsulitis was more frequent in magnetic resonance imaging examinations performed during the COVID-19 pandemic as compared with examinations prior to this period. Methods Data from medical records and magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder presenting typical imaging findings of adhesive capsulitis, performed in our organization from March to June 2020, were evaluated and compared with data and imaging from the same period of the previous year. To this end, an organizational business intelligence tool called “search reports” was used, searching for the term “adhesive capsulitis” in the radiological report, results were tabulated, and corresponding magnetic resonance imaging exams were analyzed. Results Our search found a total of 240 and 1,373 cases of adhesive capsulitis in the 2020 and 2019 periods, respectively. The mean age of patients was 53.9 years in the 2020 group and 49.9 years in 2019 (p<0.001). Magnetic resonance imaging findings were positive for adhesive capsulitis in 40 out of 240 shoulders (16.7%) in the 2020 group versus 127 out of 1,373 shoulders (9.2%) in the 2019 group. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.001). Conclusion Our study findings suggest a relative increase in the proportion of magnetic resonance imaging findings suggestive of adhesive capsulitis cases during COVID-19 pandemics based on data from our organization.

Resumo As decisões de onde viver e trabalhar envolvem dilemas entre oportunidades, salários, tempo de deslocamento e custo de vida. O objetivo do artigo é analisar quais os fatores municipais associados com as maiores taxas de deslocamento pendular, nos municípios brasileiros em 2010, compreendendo esses movimentos como possivelmente autocorrelacionados espacialmente. Para tanto, utilizaram-se técnicas de econometria espacial. Dentre os principais achados está a necessidade da ponderação da autocorrelação espacial na análise dos determinantes da mobilidade pendular. Ademais, os resultados indicam que variáveis de mercado de trabalho e de aglomeração urbana estão diretamente associadas aos maiores fluxos de entrada de pendulares. Por outro lado, as características de infraestrutura urbana não parecem explicar a pendularidade pelas mesmas vias que explica a atratividade migratória.

Abstract Decisions about where to live and work involve dilemmas between opportunities, wages, travel time and cost of living. The objective of this paper is to analyze which municipal factors are associated with the highest rates of commuting in Brazilian municipalities in 2010, understanding these movements as possibly spatially autocorrelated. For this purpose, techniques of spatial econometrics were used. Among the main findings is the need to consider spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of pendular mobility determinants. In addition, the results indicate that labor market and urban agglomeration variables are directly associated with greater inflows of commuters. On the other hand, the characteristics of urban infrastructure do not seem to explain commuting in the same way that it explains migratory attractiveness.

Abstract: Due to waterway transport efficiency, mainly for commercial trades, the use of sea/river routes has grown recently. So, the importance of producing high quality nautical charts stands out. A nautical chart is the hydrographic survey final product and its accuracy depends on data quality collected, primarily of the vertical quality (depth). In this sense, despite the theoretical and practical difficulty in obtaining homologous points in hydrographic surveys, even when performing check lines, bathymetric data must always be delivered with a statistically proven confidence level. Thus, this study has two main objectives: i) to propose a method, called Point to Point (P2P), for obtaining “homologous points” for hydrographic surveys carried out with multibeam systems, without resorting to mathematical and/or statistical interpolations, called Point to Point (P2P); ii) to quantify the magnitude of the difference between the statistical evaluation using check lines (CL) and by overlapping successive sounding lines (SL), applying the P2P method. The results showed that P2P is easy to application, provide low computation effort, is robust and consistent. Besides that, was possible to applied successive regular lines to get a validation of the hydrographic survey.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a morfologia interna de sementes de Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O.Berg com diferentes teores de água por meio de análise de imagens de raios-X, e correlacionar as imagens com a germinação dessas sementes. Os frutos foram coletados no município de Jataí, Goiás, Brasil, e levados ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foram processados e as sementes foram extraídas. Para estabelecer o teor de água predeterminado (43%, 37%, 34%, 31% e 28% base úmida), as sementes com um teor inicial de água de 43% foram mantidas em estufa com circulação de ar induzida, a uma temperatura de 40 °C até atingirem os níveis de conteúdo de água predeterminados. Em seguida, as sementes foram colocadas em suportes acrílicos com fita dupla face e transportadas para a Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), onde foram expostas a diferentes intensidades de radiação. O teste de raios-X foi realizado com 200 sementes por tratamento, e imagens das estruturas internas das sementes foram avaliadas. As sementes foram devolvidas ao Laboratório de Sementes do Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, onde foi iniciado o teste de germinação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (5 × 4), no qual foram encontrados cinco níveis de umidade e quatro classes de sementes, com quatro repetições. O teste de raios-X foi eficiente na identificação de sementes preenchidas, malformadas, danificadas e vazias, com taxas de germinação acima dos 50% nas sementes cheias. Essa visualização das morfologia interna da semente pode ser útil para selecionar sementes de melhor qualidade, melhorando a porcentagem de germinação das sementes de C. pubescens.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal morphology of seeds of Campomanesia pubescens (Mart. ex DC.) O. Berg with varying water content through X-ray image analysis, and correlate the images with the germination of these seeds. Fruits were collected in Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, and taken to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where they were processed and the seeds were extracted. To establish the predetermined water content (43%, 37%, 34%, 31%, and 28% wet basis), seeds with an initial water content of 43% were kept in an oven with forced air circulation at a temperature of 40 °C until they reached the predetermined water content levels. Next, the seeds were placed in acrylic holders with double-sided tape and transported to the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), where they were exposed to different intensities of radiation. The X-ray test was conducted with 200 seeds per treatment, and images of the internal structures of the seeds were evaluated. The seeds were returned to the Seed Laboratory of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, where the germination test was initiated. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial design (5 × 4), in which there were five water content levels and four seed classes, with four replications. The X-ray test was efficient in the identification of filled, malformed, damaged and empty seeds, which germination rate above 50% in the filled seeds. This visualization of the internal morphology of the seed can be useful to select seeds of better quality, improving the percentage of germination of C. pubescens seeds.

Resumo Radiologistas devem estar familiarizados com as principais técnicas de reparo cirúrgico da cartilagem do joelho e os métodos de imagem disponíveis para sua avaliação, no intuito de otimizar o seguimento pós-operatório do paciente. O presente estudo tem por finalidade, por meio de uma coletânea de casos do nosso serviço, ilustrar as principais técnicas cirúrgicas aplicadas ao reparo da cartilagem do joelho, bem como as técnicas de ressonância magnética usualmente utilizadas na avaliação pós-operatória e os achados radiológicos relevantes.

Abstract Radiologists should be familiar with the main techniques of knee cartilage repair and the imaging methods available for its evaluation, in order to optimize the postoperative follow-up of patients. The objective of this study was to present a series of clinical cases seen at our facility, illustrating the main techniques necessary for the repair of knee cartilage, as well as the magnetic resonance imaging techniques used in the postoperative evaluation and the relevant radiological findings.

Resumo A artroplastia de quadril é um procedimento cirúrgico ortopédico amplamente utilizado e de grande sucesso para tratamento da doença articular, seja esta degenerativa, inflamatória ou traumática, promovendo importante melhora da dor, recuperação da função do membro, redução da incapacidade e melhora da qualidade de vida. Entretanto, existem complicações relacionadas, as quais possuem aspectos de imagem característicos. O presente estudo revisou a literatura e exemplificou essas complicações de forma ilustrativa com a experiência do nosso serviço, abordando os principais aspectos radiológicos das complicações da artroplastia de quadril, englobando ossificação heterotópica, fraturas periprotéticas, osteólise, infecção, desgaste e luxação.

Abstract Hip arthroplasty is a widely used and successful orthopedic procedure for the treatment of degenerative, inflammatory, or traumatic joint disease. The procedure promotes significant pain relief, as well as recovery of limb function, reduction of disability, and better quality of life. However, there are related complications, which have characteristic imaging aspects. In the present study, we review the literature and exemplify such complications using images obtained at our facility, illustrating the main radiological aspects of complications such as heterotopic ossification, periprosthetic fractures, osteolysis, infection, wear, and dislocation.